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The manual provides information on how to install Oracle VM VirtualBox and use it to create and configure virtual machines. It is assumed that readers are familiar with Web technologies and have a general understanding of Windows and UNIX platforms. Oracle customers that have purchased support have access to electronic support through My Oracle Support. Oracle is fully committed to diversity and inclusion. Oracle recognizes the influence of ethnic and cultural values and is working to remove language from our products and documentation that might be considered insensitive.
While doing so, we are also mindful of the necessity to maintain compatibility with our customers' existing technologies and the need to ensure continuity of service as Oracle's offerings and industry standards evolve. Because of these technical constraints, our effort to remove insensitive terms is an ongoing, long-term process. Oracle VM VirtualBox is a cross-platform virtualization application.
What does that mean? Secondly, it extends the capabilities of your existing computer so that it can run multiple OSes, inside multiple virtual machines, at the same time. As an example, you can run Windows and Linux on your Mac, run Windows Server on your Linux server, run Linux on your Windows PC, and so on, all alongside your existing applications. You can install and run as many virtual machines as you like. The only practical limits are disk space and memory. Oracle VM VirtualBox is deceptively simple yet also very powerful.
It can run everywhere from small embedded systems or desktop class machines all the way up to datacenter deployments and even Cloud environments. Figure 1. In this User Manual, we will begin simply with a quick introduction to virtualization and how to get your first virtual machine running with the easy-to-use Oracle VM VirtualBox graphical user interface.
Subsequent chapters will go into much more detail covering more powerful tools and features, but fortunately, it is not necessary to read the entire User Manual before you can use Oracle VM VirtualBox. The techniques and features that Oracle VM VirtualBox provides are useful in the following scenarios:. Running multiple operating systems simultaneously.
This way, you can run software written for one OS on another, such as Windows software on Linux or a Mac, without having to reboot to use it. Easier software installations. Software vendors can use virtual machines to ship entire software configurations. For example, installing a complete mail server solution on a real machine can be a tedious task.
With Oracle VM VirtualBox, such a complex setup, often called an appliance , can be packed into a virtual machine. Installing and running a mail server becomes as easy as importing such an appliance into Oracle VM VirtualBox.
Testing and disaster recovery. Once installed, a virtual machine and its virtual hard disks can be considered a container that can be arbitrarily frozen, woken up, copied, backed up, and transported between hosts. On top of that, with the use of another Oracle VM VirtualBox feature called snapshots , one can save a particular state of a virtual machine and revert back to that state, if necessary. This way, one can freely experiment with a computing environment.
If something goes wrong, such as problems after installing software or infecting the guest with a virus, you can easily switch back to a previous snapshot and avoid the need of frequent backups and restores.
Any number of snapshots can be created, allowing you to travel back and forward in virtual machine time. You can delete snapshots while a VM is running to reclaim disk space.
Infrastructure consolidation. Virtualization can significantly reduce hardware and electricity costs. Most of the time, computers today only use a fraction of their potential power and run with low average system loads. A lot of hardware resources as well as electricity is thereby wasted. So, instead of running many such physical computers that are only partially used, one can pack many virtual machines onto a few powerful hosts and balance the loads between them.
When dealing with virtualization, and also for understanding the following chapters of this documentation, it helps to acquaint oneself with a bit of crucial terminology, especially the following terms:.
Host operating system host OS. See Section 1. There may be platform-specific differences which we will point out where appropriate. Guest operating system guest OS. This is the OS that is running inside the virtual machine.
But to achieve near-native performance of the guest code on your machine, we had to go through a lot of optimizations that are specific to certain OSes. So while your favorite OS may run as a guest, we officially support and optimize for a select few, which include the most common OSes. See Section 3. Virtual machine VM. In other words, you run your guest OS in a VM.
Normally, a VM is shown as a window on your computer's desktop. Depending on which of the various frontends of Oracle VM VirtualBox you use, the VM might be shown in full screen mode or remotely on another computer.
Some parameters describe hardware settings, such as the amount of memory and number of CPUs assigned. Other parameters describe the state information, such as whether the VM is running or saved. See Chapter 8, VBoxManage. Guest Additions. This refers to special software packages which are shipped with Oracle VM VirtualBox but designed to be installed inside a VM to improve performance of the guest OS and to add extra features. See Chapter 4, Guest Additions.
Oracle VM VirtualBox runs on a large number of bit host operating systems. Oracle VM VirtualBox is a so-called hosted hypervisor, sometimes referred to as a type 2 hypervisor.
Whereas a bare-metal or type 1 hypervisor would run directly on the hardware, Oracle VM VirtualBox requires an existing OS to be installed. It can thus run alongside existing applications on that host. To a very large degree, Oracle VM VirtualBox is functionally identical on all of the host platforms, and the same file and image formats are used. This enables you to run virtual machines created on one host on another host with a different host OS.
For example, you can create a virtual machine on Windows and then run it under Linux. In addition, virtual machines can easily be imported and exported using the Open Virtualization Format OVF , an industry standard created for this purpose.
You can even import OVFs that were created with a different virtualization software. For users of Oracle Cloud Infrastructure the functionality extends to exporting and importing virtual machines to and from the cloud. This simplifies development of applications and deployment to the production environment. Guest Additions: shared folders, seamless windows, 3D virtualization. The Oracle VM VirtualBox Guest Additions are software packages which can be installed inside of supported guest systems to improve their performance and to provide additional integration and communication with the host system.
After installing the Guest Additions, a virtual machine will support automatic adjustment of video resolutions, seamless windows, accelerated 3D graphics and more. In particular, Guest Additions provide for shared folders , which let you access files on the host system from within a guest machine.
See Section 4. Great hardware support. Guest multiprocessing SMP. USB device support. Oracle VM VirtualBox implements a virtual USB controller and enables you to connect arbitrary USB devices to your virtual machines without having to install device-specific drivers on the host. USB support is not limited to certain device categories. Hardware compatibility. Oracle VM VirtualBox virtualizes a vast array of virtual devices, among them many devices that are typically provided by other virtualization platforms.
This enables easy cloning of disk images from real machines and importing of third-party virtual machines into Oracle VM VirtualBox.
Full ACPI support. This enables easy cloning of disk images from real machines or third-party virtual machines into Oracle VM VirtualBox.
For mobile systems running on battery, the guest can thus enable energy saving and notify the user of the remaining power, for example in full screen modes. Multiscreen resolutions. Oracle VM VirtualBox virtual machines support screen resolutions many times that of a physical screen, allowing them to be spread over a large number of screens attached to the host system.
Built-in iSCSI support. This unique feature enables you to connect a virtual machine directly to an iSCSI storage server without going through the host system. The VM accesses the iSCSI target directly without the extra overhead that is required for virtualizing hard disks in container files.
See Section 5. PXE Network boot. Multigeneration branched snapshots. Oracle VM VirtualBox can save arbitrary snapshots of the state of the virtual machine. You can go back in time and revert the virtual machine to any such snapshot and start an alternative VM configuration from there, effectively creating a whole snapshot tree.
You can create and delete snapshots while the virtual machine is running. VM groups. Oracle VM VirtualBox provides a groups feature that enables the user to organize and control virtual machines collectively, as well as individually. In addition to basic groups, it is also possible for any VM to be in more than one group, and for groups to be nested in a hierarchy. This means you can have groups of groups.
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It is available for the i, amd64, and arm64 architectures. Some Linux-specific operating system features are not yet supported; this mostly happens with functionality specific to hardware or related to system management, such as cgroups or namespaces. By default, Linux binary compatibility is not enabled.
This is enough for statically linked Linux binaries to work. They can be started in the same way native FreeBSD binaries can; they behave almost exactly like native processes and can be traced and debugged the usual way.
Linux binaries linked dynamically which is the vast majority also require Linux shared libraries to be installed - they can run on top of the FreeBSD kernel, but they cannot use FreeBSD libraries; this is similar to how bit binaries cannot use native bit libraries.
FreeBSD provides packages for some Linux binary applications. For example, to install Sublime Text 4, along with all the Linux libraries it depends on, run this command:. This has the advantage of providing a full Debian or Ubuntu distribution. After debootstrapping, chroot 8 into the newly created directory and install software in a way typical for the Linux distribution inside, for example:.
Instead, derive the directory name from the distribution or version name, e. If the bootstrapped instance is intended to provide Linux shared libraries without having to explicitly use chroot or jails, one can point the kernel at it by updating the compat. Please note that changing it might cause trouble for Linux applications installed from FreeBSD packages; one reason is that many of those applications are still bit, while Ubuntu seems to be deprecating bit library support.
The Linux compatibility layer is a work in progress. A list of all Linux-related sysctl 8 knobs can be found in linux 4. Some applications require specific filesystems to be mounted. Since the Linux binary compatibility layer has gained support for running both and bit Linux binaries on bit x86 hosts , it is no longer possible to link the emulation functionality statically into a custom kernel.
For base system subdirectories created with debootstrap 8 , use the instructions above instead. If a Linux application complains about missing shared libraries after configuring Linux binary compatibility, determine which shared libraries the Linux binary needs and install them manually.
From a Linux system using the same CPU architecture, ldd can be used to determine which shared libraries the application needs. For example, to check which shared libraries linuxdoom needs, run this command from a Linux system that has Doom installed:. Once copied, create symbolic links to the names in the first column. This example will result in the following files on the FreeBSD system:. If a Linux shared library already exists with a matching major revision number to the first column of the ldd output, it does not need to be copied to the file named in the last column, as the existing library should work.
It is advisable to copy the shared library if it is a newer version, though. The old one can be removed, as long as the symbolic link points to the new one.
Since the existing library is only one or two versions out of date in the last digit, the program should still work with the slightly older version. However, it is safe to replace the existing libc. Generally, one will need to look for the shared libraries that Linux binaries depend on only the first few times that a Linux program is installed on FreeBSD.
After a while, there will be a sufficient set of Linux shared libraries on the system to be able to run newly installed Linux binaries without any extra work. Should all those methods fail, an attempt to execute the binary might result in error message:. Once installed, root can use this command to install a. If necessary, brandelf the installed ELF binaries. Note that this will prevent a clean uninstall.
This section describes how Linux binary compatibility works and is based on an email written to FreeBSD chat mailing list by Terry Lambert tlambert primenet.
SAA usr FreeBSD has an abstraction called an "execution class loader". This is a wedge into the execve 2 system call. If it was not the binary type for the system, the execve 2 call returned a failure, and the shell attempted to start executing it as shell commands.
The assumption was a default of "whatever the current shell is". FreeBSD has a list of loaders, instead of a single loader, with a fallback to the! For Linux binaries to function, they must be branded as type Linux using brandelf 1 :. When the ELF loader sees the Linux brand, the loader replaces a pointer in the proc structure. All system calls are indexed through this pointer. In addition, the process is flagged for special handling of the trap vector for the signal trampoline code, and several other minor fix-ups that are handled by the Linux kernel module.
The Linux system call vector contains, among other things, a list of sysent[] entries whose addresses reside in the kernel module. When a system call is called by the Linux binary, the trap code dereferences the system call function pointer off the proc structure, and gets the Linux, not the FreeBSD, system call entry points. Linux mode dynamically reroots lookups.
This is, in effect, equivalent to union to file system mounts. This makes sure that binaries that require other binaries can run. The various underlying functions that implement all of the services provided by the kernel are identical to both the FreeBSD system call table entries, and the Linux system call table entries: file system operations, virtual memory operations, signal delivery, and System V IPC.
The FreeBSD glue functions are statically linked into the kernel, and the Linux glue functions can be statically linked, or they can be accessed via a kernel module. Technically, this is not really emulation, it is an ABI implementation. It is sometimes called "Linux emulation" because the implementation was done at a time when there was no other word to describe what was going on.
Last modified on : June 17, by Danilo G. Book menu. Table of Contents Synopsis Configuring Linux Binary Compatibility Advanced Topics.
How to install additional Linux shared libraries. Know how to install additional third-party software. Advanced Topics The Linux compatibility layer is a work in progress. Installing Additional Libraries Manually For base system subdirectories created with debootstrap 8 , use the instructions above instead. Miscellaneous This section describes how Linux binary compatibility works and is based on an email written to FreeBSD chat mailing list by Terry Lambert tlambert primenet.
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